Please read my article on Web Server 7 and the TLS vulnerability for background and recommendation on this issue.
In this entry I’ll add some random thoughts and examples to illustrate the problem. The ideas in this entry are purely experimental.
Is My Web Application Vulnerable?
You may be tempted to wonder that even if the SSL/TLS connection to your Web Server is vulnerable to the renegotiation attack, maybe your web application cannot be exploited?
While technically the answer is “not necessarily”, for most real web sites which exist today the answer is usually yes. Unless your web site is firmly entrenched in 1994 (nothing but static content and no processing of user input of any kind), a clever attacker can surely
find ways to cause mischief (or worse) using this vulnerability. So I’d like to discourage attempting to talk yourself info believing your site is safe. Instead, upgrade to Web Server 7.0u7.
As one example, shortly after the vulnerability was made public, it was used to grab Twitter passwords.
As noted earlier, at a high level, the attack relies on the MITM attacker being able to interact with your Web Server to pre-establish some state and then trick the legitimate client into executing actions based off that state in their name.
What this means in practice will vary widely, depending on what your web application does and how it processes input.
To answer with certainty whether your web application can be succesfully exploited requires analyzing in detail how the web application handles user input and keeps state so it is not possible to give a universal answer. However, given the complex and often
unintended access points available into most web applications, it is safest to assume there are exploitable vulnerabilities unless you can prove otherwise.
A Textbook Worst Case
As one example, consider a simple banking web site subdivided as follows:
/index.html Welcome page, no authentication required
/marketing/* Company info, no authentication required
/clients/info.jsp Show customer balance info, client-cert auth needed
/clients/payment.jsp Form to initiate payments, client-cert auth needed
/clients/do-payment.jsp Process payment, client-cert auth needed
The site expects users to enter via the home page, click on a link which takes them to the protected area under /clients at which point the Web Server requires client cert authentication to proceed. Once authenticated, the client can view their account balances or click on the payment page (payment.jsp) which contains a form to enter payment
info (dollar amount, recipient, etc). The form will do a POST to do-payment.jsp which actually processes the payment and removes the money from the customer account.
Exploiting the renegotiation vulnerability with this site is trivially easy:
- Looking to check their balance, a legitimate client sends request for /clients/info.jsp (the user probably had it bookmarked)
- MITM attacker sends a POST to do-payment.jsp with the amount/recipient info of their choosing
- Because do-payment.jsp requires client authentication, the Web Server triggers a renegotiation and asks for a client certificate.
- The attacker hands off the connection to the legitimate client
- Legitimate client provides valid client certificate and renegotiation succeeds
- Web Server executes do-payment.jsp with the POST data sent earlier (by the
attacker) and returns a transaction confirmation to the legitimate client
- User panics! Why did the bank just make a payment from my account to some
unknown entity when all I requested was the balance page?!
This is a very real scenario. I have seen customer web applications doing something precisely analogous to what I describe above.
Application Layer Protection
Is it at all possible to take some precautions against the exploit at the application layer?
The renegotiation vulnerability is recent as of this writing and there have not been too many exploits in the wild yet. History teaches us that over time, vulnerabilities will be exploited in ways far more clever than anyone predicted at first. Given that we are barely in the initial stages of the adoption curve (so to speak) of this vulnerability, I’m only prepared to predict that we haven’t seen its more devious applications yet.
For completeness, I’ll share some thoughts on application layer protections. If you web application is handling anything important (and it probably is, since it is running https), I wouldn’t today recommend relying on a purely application layer protection.
Conceptually, your web application should not trust any input it received before the “hand off” renegotiation for the purpose of taking actions after it (i.e. do-payment.jsp should not process the POST data it received before the renegotiation to complete a payment after it).
Unfortunately, while that is easy to say it is impossible to implement! That is because your web application has no way to know that a “hand off” renegotiation occurred. The Web Server itself does not necessarily know either. Remember the renegotiation may occur at
any time and it happens directly at the SSL/TLS layer, invisible to both Web Server and application.
How about if we lower our goal and rephrase the guideline: the web application should not trust any input it received before succesful authentication was complete for the purpose of taking actions after it. Since the web application does have access to authentication data
(or lack of it), it becomes plausible to implement some defenses based on that knowledge. Is this lowered bar sufficient to protect against all attacks using the renegotiation vulnerability?
Picture a shopping web site with a flow like this:
- populate cart with items
- click on checkout (assume the site has payment info stored already)
- authenticate
- order is processed
Here the renegotiation is triggered at step 3, so when the legitimate client logs in they suddenly get an order confirmation screen for something they didn’t order.
The flow could be restructured to be:
- populate cart with items
- click on checkout (assume the site has payment info stored already)
- authenticate
- present cart contents and order info again for review
- if user agrees again, order is processed
Here the legitimate user would enter the flow at step 3 and then see the unexpected order confirmation screen at which point they get a chance to hit cancel.
Do not be overconfident of such ordering. Just because the developer hoped that the request flow is supposed to be
info.jsp -> payment.jsp -> do-payment.jsp
nothing actually prevents the attacker from carefully crafting a request straight to do-payment.jsp. Paranoid enough yet?
Defensive web programmic is a difficult problem, one that many web applications get very wrong. It is a vast topic, now made that much more difficult by the SSL/TLS renegotiation vulnerability. So I’ll leave it at that for the moment.
So in closing, I’ll just repeat that I’d like to discourage attempting to talk yourself info believing your site is safe. It probably is not. Instead, upgrade to Web Server 7.0u7.
